(1) When one undertakes to do a chronological biography of any individual, he soon learns the only place to begin is at the beginning. When and where was Ernest Miller Hemingway born?

At 8:00 a.m. on the morning of July 21, 1899, in the south front bedroom of the house at 439 North Oak Park Avenue, Oak Park, Illinois, Ernest Miller Hemingway was born. When he was six years old the family moved to a new home, one his mother designed, at 600 North Kenilworth Avenue.

(2) Ernest's mother and father were named____________ and __________? He had four sisters and one brother, their names were____________?

Ernest's mother was Grace Hall Hemingway, his father Clarence Edmonds Hemingway. His sisters were: Marcelline, born January 15, 1898; Ursula, born April 29, 1902; Madelaine, [1] born November 28, 1904; and Carol, born July 19, 1911. His only brother, Leicester, was born April 1, 1915, making him almost sixteen years younger than Ernest.

(3) Hemingway attended the Oak Park and River Forrest Township high school in the town where he was born. There he got his first taste of journalism writing for the TRAPEZE, the school's weekly newspaper. Where did he go to college?

After graduation from high school, Hemingway had no further formal education.

(4) The Hemingway family summer home, Windemere, was located in northern Michigan on what was then called Bear Lake, (now Walloon) near the town of Petoskey. Why was Ernest pursued by a Michigan Game Warden one summer at Windemere when he was sixteen years old?

Hemingway and his sister "Sunny" had been exploring around Walloon Lake in one of their family boats when he spotted a Blue Heron. Thinking it would make a fine addition to his father's collection of stuffed birds and animals he shot it. They wrapped the bird in paper, put it under the seat of their boat, continued exploring the woods. When they returned, the bird was gone. They decided not to tell anyone about the bird. The next day while Ernest was across the lake helping a neighbor with the haying a Game Warden showed up at the cottage and announced to Ernest's mother he was there to arrest the young man for shooting the Blue Heron. Grace ran him off with a shotgun. Ernest's Uncle George took him to a Judge, and after telling his story, was fined a small amount, and let off. The incident put a scare into Ernest he never forgot and he used it as base for one of his Nick Adams stories. [2]

(5) In what sport did Hemingway earn a letter his senior year in high school?

When Hemingway reported for football his senior year he was nearly six feet tall, and weighed 150 pounds. He was clumsy, awkward, and had feet so big none of the football shoes at the school would fit him. The best he could hope for would be a position as a second or third string guard. Doctor Hemingway was so touchingly eager to make sure Ernest would win his varsity letter he accompanied the team and tried to persuade the coach and team Captain his son was the best linesman in the league. It was kind of a triumph when, at the end of the season, Ernest was awarded a large OP to wear on his sweater.

(6) Hemingway's first paying job as a writer was_________? He worked there for how long? His reason for leaving?

In 1917, Hemingway's first paying job as a writer was as a Cub Reporter for the Kansas City Star, in Kansas City, Missouri. [3] He was employed there for a period of six months, then enlisted in the Red Cross American Field Service as an ambulance driver for overseas duty.

(7) What was the Schio Country Club?

Hemingway was sent to the town of Schio, Italy with the Red Cross Ambulance Service. There he was quartered, along with a group of 25 other men in an abandoned factory building which had a paved courtyard with open sheds for the ambulances. The barracks on the second floor had been used for the storage of wool. It was a single room, fifty by a hundred feet, lined with rows of Army cots. Downstairs was the Mess hall. They nicknamed their quarters the "Schio Country Club."

(8) Hemingway was severely wounded in the Italian war near the village of __________ around midnight on what date? As a result of his injuries __________ pieces of shrapnel were removed from his legs?

Hemingway was wounded near the village of Fossalta on July 8, 1918. A projectile the size of a five gallon can, probably a 420 caliber, filled with with steel rod fragments and miscellaneous metal junk, exploded near Hemingway. His legs were filled with these fragments and while carrying a wounded man back towards the command post, he was shot again with a heavy machine-gun, which tore into his right leg at the knee. The X-ray pictures made at the Misericordia Hospital, near Milano, Italy, revealed a machine-gun slug in his right foot and another which had lodged just behind his right kneecap. The doctors removed 227 pieces of metal fragments from Hemingway's legs and left several more to encyst.

(9) Who was Agnes Hannah Von Kurowsky?

Agnes Hannah Von Kurowsky was a tall, dark-haired girl who'd been reared in Washington, D.C., trained as a nurse at Bellevue Hospital in New York City, and was stationed with the Red Cross Nursing Service at the hospital where Hemingway was recovering from his wounds in Milano, Italy. She was kind, generous and bright, fond of people and full of bubbling energy. Hemingway fell madly in love with Agnes, and even though the romance did not work out she would become the prototype for one of his heroines in one of his most important works. [4]

(10) Hemingway's excellent short story IN ANOTHER COUNTRY tells of rehabilitating his legs at the hospital in Milano, Italy. "The hospital was very old and very beautiful, and you entered through a gate and walked across a courtyard..." How long was he to convalesce and when did he return to the United States?

Hemingway was to convalesce for five months in Italy. He returned to New York Harbor on January 21, 1919 on board the GIUSEPPE VERDI. Bill Horne, [5] himself just returned from Italy carrying wounded on the Monte Grappa during the October offensive, met him at the ship and saw him off the next day on a train to Chicago where his father met him to see him home to Oak Park.

(11) On January 8, 1920 Hemingway caught a train from Chicago to __________, moved into the Connable family mansion at 153 Lyndhurst Avenue and went to work for the __________ newspaper?

Ernest went to Toronto, Canada, worked for the Toronto Star Newspaper. He'd met the Connables while giving a speech of his wartime adventures in Petoskey, Michigan. They had a son a year younger than Ernest, who'd been lame since birth. Mr. Connable asked Ernest if he'd serve as a companion to Ralph, Jr. while he and Mrs. Connable were away on an extended vacation. They could stay at the Family Mansion in Toronto with plenty of servants to look after them. Hemingway agreed and on the 8th of January, 1920, he moved into the Connable Mansion at 152 Lyndhurst Avenue.

Ernest was too eager to just hang around the house. Just before the Connables left for their vacation he asked Mr. Connable about working on Ontario's leading newspaper, the Toronto Star, which published both a daily and a weekly edition. Connable presented him to Arthur Donaldson, Chief of advertising layout for both papers. He was given space rates at a penny a word and his first piece, printed in the Valentine's Day issue of the Star Weekly, was a thousand-word account of a scheme in which socially prominent women of Toronto rented original oil paintings from local artists. [6]

When Hemingway's term with the Connables expired in May, he went back to Oak Park. His stay would be only as brief as decency would allow.

(12) After spending the summer of 1920 at Windemere, Hemingway and Bill Smith moved to __________ to look for a job? After a brief stay at Bill's brother's house Hemingway moved in with __________ at what location?

Hemingway and Bill Smith moved to Chicago and stayed with Bill's brother, Kenley, at 100 East Chicago Avenue. Hemingway was having trouble finding a job and his money was running out when his old friend Bill Horne came to his rescue. Hemingway could stay with him, and since Bill had an income, they would share the money until Ernest could find a job. Each day they'd go around the corner to a Greek lunchroom named Kitso's. Kitso's employed an Afro-American cook and Bill Horne says this restaurant is the one Hemingway called Henry's Lunch-room in his famous short story THE KILLERS. [7]

(13) Hemingway's short story THE KILLERS was made into a movie in 1946. Who was the star, the director and the screenwriter? Who played the part of Nick Adams?

The movie version of Hemingway's short story THE KILLERS was released by Universal in August, 1946. It ran one hundred and five minutes. Burt Lancaster starred as the "Swede." The director was Robert Siodmak, screenwriters were Anthony Veiller and John Huston (though Huston was uncredited). Phil Brown played the part of Nick Adams.

(14) Hemingway met a young lady in early November, 1920, in Chicago, who was to become his first wife. Her name was __________?

The young lady Hemingway met in early November, 1920 at Y.K. Smith's apartment at 1230 North State Street in Chicago was Elizabeth Hadley Richardson, a tall, auburn haired, twenty-eight year old from St. Louis, Missouri. Hadley was born November 9, 1891, the youngest of six children. She was an impulsive, affectionate girl who loved people and was completely at ease with them. She attended Bryn Mawr College, was a serious student of the piano and, nearing twenty-nine, had almost resigned herself to spinsterhood.

Ernest and Hadley were married on September 3, 1921, at a little church at Horton Bay, Michigan, only a few miles from `Windemere Cottage,' the summer home of the Hemingway's, where they were to spend their honeymoon. [8]

(15) Why was the bride-to-be late for the wedding?

Hadley'd gone for a swim before the wedding and her thick hair was slow to dry. Since 1921 was before the advent of hair dryers, she was late arriving at the church.

(16) To what foreign country did the newlyweds move?

Ernest and Hadley decided to move to Paris, France. They sailed on board the French Liner `Leopoldina' in mid-December, 1921, arriving in Paris three days before Christmas. Ernest had made an arrangement with the Toronto Star to send them `European Letters' for which he would be paid space rates for everything the paper used, and be paid expenses incurred in getting the stories used. This arrangement kept the newspaper from risking anything, but gave Ernest the freedom to work on his own writing. To help their financial situation, Hadley received regular checks from a trust fund. [9]

(17) When the Hemingway's first arrived in Paris, where did they stay?

The Hemingway's stayed at the Hotel Jacob, now the Hotel d'Angleterre, on the rue Jacob, off the rue Bonaparte. It was clean, cheap, and had been recommended by a friend who'd just come from Paris.

(18) The author, Sherwood Anderson, already famous for WINESBURG, OHIO and POOR WHITE wrote letters of introduction for the Hemingway's to four renown expatriates living in Paris. Who were they and what were they known for?

The Hemingway's had met Sherwood Anderson at Y.K. Smith's apartment in Chicago. At 45, he was already famous, as mentioned, for WINESBURG, OHIO and POOR WHITE. It was he who recommended Ernest go to Paris and write. He'd said it was the only place for a serious writer. He not only recommended Paris, but suggested the Hotel Jacob as a place to stay until they could find an apartment, and volunteered to write letters of introduction for him to expatriates he'd met on his recent trip there.

The four famous expatriates were:

GERTRUDE STEIN:
Lived with a companion named Alice B. Toklas, collected Picasso and other modern painters and was herself a writer.
SYLVIA BEACH:
Owned a book store called `Shakespeare and Company.' Knew everybody worth knowing, including the famous Irishman, James Joyce. [10]
EZRA POUND:
A tall poet from Idaho who'd lived in England before the war, was now a power in the literary worlds of London, Paris, and New York.
LEWIS GALANTIERE:
Worked for the International Chamber of Commerce, spoke French like a native, and was helping translate Sherwood Anderson's books.

(19) In 1922 Ernest was in Lausanne covering the Peace Conference. Hadley traveled by train to join him and to her horror lost something of great value. What was it she lost?

A VALISE! Ernest had been trying to get Hadley to fly down and join him. Instead, she decided to travel by train. She packed all of his manuscripts in a separate small valise so he could get on with his writing during the Christmas season. Except for two stories, UP IN MICHIGAN, which was in a drawer gathering dust and MY OLD MAN, which had been sent off to a magazine, every other piece, even the copies, were in the valise. Hadley had a porter take the luggage to her compartment on the train. During the brief time the bags were out of her sight, the valise with the manuscripts was stolen.

(20) Hemingway's first published book was titled__________?

THREE STORIES AND TEN POEMS. Hemingway'd met Robert Menzies McAlmon, a poet and short story writer, in Paris in 1923. McAlmon had just started a new career as editor and publisher of `Contact Editions,' with Darantiere of Dijon as his printer. It was McAlmon who published Hemingway's first book in August of 1923, in a single edition of only three hundred copies.

(21) Why did Ernest and Hadley move from Paris to Canada in August of 1923?

The Hemingway's moved from Paris to Canada so Hadley, now seven months pregnant, could have their baby on American soil. Ernest went back to work for the Toronto Star during the waiting period. A boy, John Hadley Nicanor (named after his mother and the Spanish matador, Villata) weighing seven pounds, five ounces was born at 2:00 a.m., October 10, 1923.

(22) Name the title and publisher of Hemingway's second book?

Hemingway's second book was "in our time" (the title in lower case) published by Three Mountains Press, owned by William Bird, who Ernest had met in April of 1922. Bird, from Hartford, Connecticut worked for the continental branch of Consolidated Press, and had just purchased a small print shop at 29 Quai d'Anjou.

Ezra Pound had conceived an idea of conducting `an inquest into the state of contemporary English Prose,' by printing six little books, handsomely printed, bound in boards and issued under his personal editorship. Bill Bird's Three Mountain Press would publish them. Hemingway's "in our time" was the last of the series and was published in January, 1924.

(23) There was supposed to be a limited edition of 300 copies of Hemingway's second book. How many were actually printed and why?

There were only 170 copies actually printed owing to the carelessness of a French printer who'd used watermarked paper in reproducing the woodcut of Hemingway's portrait by Mike Strater in the front of the book.

(24) After the birth of their son, when did the Hemingway's return to Paris?

The Hemingway's returned to Paris in January, 1924, moving into a different apartment at 113 rue Notre Dame des Champs.

(25) Who were John Hadley Nicanor's Godfather and Godmother?

John Hadley Nicanor, now nicknamed `Bumby' by Hadley to signify his `warm, plump, teddy-bearish, arm-filling solidity,' had Erick Edward (Chink) Dorman-Smith and Gertrude Stein as his Godfather and Godmother.

(26) What was the meaning of "Dix bis Avenue des Gobelins?"

Ernest and Hadley taught Bumby the song, `Dix bis Avenue des Gobelins, that's where my Bumby lives,' as a safe-guard against the boy getting lost. He could remember the song and give it to whomever found him. It was the address of his nurse and not theirs, thereby insuring someone would be home.

(27) What famous writer did Hemingway meet in the Dingo bar in Paris in 1925?

Hemingway met, for the first time, F. Scott Fitzgerald in the Dingo Bar, in May, 1925.

(28) What was THE FARM Hemingway acquired in 1925?

Hemingway found a large canvas painted by the Spanish genius Joan Miro, titled THE FARM. Ernest met Miro, six years his senior, in Paris and wanted the large, (48 x 55 inches) bright canvas to give Hadley on her thirty-fourth birthday.

A friend of Ernest had already arranged to buy the canvas, with its full moon in a dark blue sky and simplistic structures of the farm, from Miro through a dealer, but when he learned why Ernest wanted it, he magnanimously offered to shoot dice for the right to buy it. Ernest won the roll of the dice, but still couldn't afford the price of 5,000 Francs. With a frenzy of activity, Ernest and his friends went around borrowing the money until enough was raised. Miro even came by to see where it hung above their bed, satisfied it had fallen into good hands.

(29) Name the title and publisher of Hemingway's first American book?

Hemingway's first American book was IN OUR TIME. Published on October 5, 1925 by Boni and Liveright of New York with an edition of 1,335 copies. It is interesting to note the difference between the "in our time" published in Paris in 1924 and the IN OUR TIME published in New York. The most obvious is the lower case lettering in the title of the Paris edition. Other major differences are the text of the New York edition contains all the miniatures from "in our time", two of the three stories from THREE STORIES AND TEN POEMS, AND TEN NEW STORIES.

(30) Why was Hemingway's fourth book, titled __________ not published by Boni and Liveright, even though they had a three book contract, beginning with IN OUR TIME?

THE TORRENTS OF SPRING was published by Scribners Publishing House, New York, on May 28, 1926, with an edition of 1,250 copies. Boni and Liveright did have a three book contract with Hemingway, but when they read the manuscript of THE TORRENTS OF SPRING they would not and, realistically, could not publish it because it was a burlesque parody of their famous and best selling author, Sherwood Anderson. When they refused to publish the manuscript, the contract with Hemingway was broken. He was now free to publish with whomever he wished.

There are two probable reasons for the parody of Sherwood Anderson, who had been nothing but a friend to Hemingway. One was he wanted to go to Scribners, which was publishing F. Scott Fitzgerald and Scott was trying to get him to come over, so he wrote THE TORRENTS OF SPRING on purpose, knowing Boni and Liveright wouldn't publish it, thereby releasing him from the contract. The other was when Boni and Liveright published IN OUR TIME most of the critics and a lot of Ernest's friends compared his writing with that of Anderson. His ego wouldn't accept this, hense the parody.

(31) Who was Hemingway's editor at Scribner's Publishing House?

Maxwell Evarts Perkins was Hemingway's editor at Scribner's. He more than any other person was responsible for guiding Hemingway to his feats of greatness. Max, as he was affectionately called, is generally regarded as the most far-sighted and creative editor of his time. He was associated with the House of Scribner's for thirty-seven years, the last twenty as its head editor, until his death in 1947.

(32) Hemingway's first major novel, published in Great Britain, Spain, and Germany as FIESTA was titled? To whom was the dedication?

THE SUN ALSO RISES, Hemingway's first major novel, was published by Scribner's on October 22, 1926, with a first issue of 5,090 copies. [11] Hemingway had several alternate titles for his novel. Among them were FIESTA, RIVER TO THE SEA, TO LIE TOGETHER, and THE OLD LEAVEN, but the one he chose was THE SUN ALSO RISES. The title comes from a verse in the bible Hemingway found in Ecclesiastes, chapter one, verse four and five.

"One generation passeth away, and another
generation cometh: but the earth abideth for
ever.
The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down,
and hasteth to his place where he arose."

The dedication page in THE SUN ALSO RISES reads, "This book is for Hadley and for John Hadley Nicanor."

(33) Who was the young magazine fashion writer Hemingway met and fell in love with in Paris in 1925?

The lady was Pauline Pfeiffer. She was in Paris as a fashion writer for Vogue Magazine. Pauline was born in Piggott, Arkansas, attended the Visitations Convent in St. Louis, and was a recent graduate of the University of Missouri.

When Hadley finally realized Ernest and Pauline were serious about each other, she said if they would stay apart for one hundred days and at the end of that time were still in love, she would give Ernest a divorce.

Ernest and Hadley's divorce became final on January 27, 1927. He and Pauline were married under Catholic auspices in the Paris church of Passy on May 10, 1927.

Hadley would remain single for six years until she married Paul Scott Mowrer, European Head of Foreign Service for the Chicago Daily News, on July 3, 1933, in London, England.

(34) While living in Paris in 1925 what sport did Ernest become so involved with he wrote a book about it, followed it for his entire life, and was the subject matter of the last thing he published prior to his death?

The sport was the Bullfight! Hemingway said when he discovered the art and sport of the TOREO, "I was trying to write then and I found the greatest difficulty, aside from knowing truly what you really felt, rather then what you were supposed to feel, and had been taught to feel, was to put down what really happened in action; what the actual things were which produced the emotion that you experienced. The only place where you could see life and death i.e., violent death now that the wars were over, was in the bull ring and I wanted very much to go to Spain where I could study it. I was trying to learn to write, commencing with the simplest things, and one of the simplest things of all and the most fundamental is violent death.

"So I went to Spain to see bullfights and to try to write about them for myself. I thought they would be simple and barbarous and cruel and that I would not like them, but that I would see certain definite action which would give me the feeling of life and death that I was working for. I found the definite action; but the bullfight was so far from simple and I liked it so much that it was much too complicated for my then equipment for writing to deal with and, aside from four very short sketches, I was not able to write anything about it for five years-----and I wish I would have waited ten." [12]

(35) Why did Hemingway choose MEN WITHOUT WOMEN as the title for his next book, published on October 14, 1927?

The book, published by Scribner's, with a first run of 7,650 copies was a collection of fourteen short stories and dedicated to his friend Evan Shipman. Four of the stories: A SIMPLE INQUIRY, TEN INDIANS, A PURSUIT RACE and NOW I LAY ME were previously unpublished.

Hemingway explained the title was an indication that, "The softening feminine influence," was missing in all the stories, whether as a result of, "training, discipline, death, or other causes."

(36) For what reason was Hemingway rushed to the American Hospital in Paris early one morning in March, 1928?

At 2:00 a.m., one March morning in 1928, Hemingway entered the bathroom of his apartment. Someone who'd intended to pull the flushbox chain had instead yanked the cord that opened the skylight, cracking the glass in several places. As he fumbled sleepily with the chord, the whole decrepit skylight fell in upon his luckless head, gouging his forehead two inches above his left eye. At the American Hospital at Neuilly, the Intern on duty closed the gaping triangular wound with nine stitches.

(37) Why did the Hemingway's decide to move from Paris in April of 1928, and to where did they move?

They both wanted to return to the States to live and so Pauline, now pregnant, could have the baby on American soil. John Dos Passos, a friend and fellow writer recommended a small island located at the end of a chain, south of Miami. It was a deep sea port and fishing village called Key West.

(38) The title of the romantic war novel set in Italy Hemingway had just started before they left Paris in 1928 was __________?

The title of the novel was A FAREWELL TO ARMS, derived from a poem of George Peele's Ernest found in THE OXFORD BOOK OF ENGLISH VERSE. Scribner's published the book on September 27, 1929 with a first run of 31,500 copies. Roughly four months after publication sales stood at 79,251 copies.

Ernest dedicated the book to Pauline's `Uncle Gus,' G.A. Pfiffer. From Piggot, Arkansas, he was a slender, bespectacled man of great wealth who owned a controlling interest in Hudnut perfumes. He admired and liked Ernest, and helped him and Pauline out many times financially.

(39) Ernest and Pauline were to have two children. Their names were __________ and __________?

Patrick, born June 28, 1928, at the Research Hospital in Kansas City, weighed nine and a half pounds. Gregory Hancock, also born at the same facility, on November 12, 1931, weighed nine pounds. Pauline was attended by Doctor Don Carlos Guffey for both deliveries.

(40) When Ernest finished the romantic novel set in Italy who did he get to type the valuable handwritten manuscript?

Hemingway brought his sister, Madelaine, nicknamed `Sunny' to Key West around Thanksgiving of 1928 to type the manuscript. She had the pleasure of being the first to read the final draft of A FAREWELL TO ARMS. They finished the final draft on January 22, 1929. Max Perkins, himself, appeared in Key West on the First of February to collect the manuscript.

(41) What significant incident involved Ernest's father, Doctor Clarence Hemingway, on December 6, 1928?

Doctor Clarence Hemingway, suffering from severe angina pectoris, diabetic disorders, persistent loss of sleep and massive financial losses in Florida real estate, shot himself behind the right ear with a worn old Smith and Wesson .32 caliber revolver in the second floor bedroom of his home in Oak Park, Illinois.

(42) Ernest and Pauline were to live in four different houses in Key West, Florida, but purchased only one, located at __________?

Pauline's `Uncle Gus" bought the house at 907 Whitehead for them. It was his custom to buy a house for all his family when they got married. The house was purchased on April 29, 1931 for eight thousand dollars. [13] The house was unique to Key West in that it had the only cellar on the Island, the main body of the house having been quarried from the white coral stone on the property. The house was almost eighty years old when they bought it. Originally owned by Asa Tift, founder of Tifton, Georgia, the house was built of heart pine from Tift's land in Georgia. The Hemingways were to put an additional $60,000 into the house over the next ten years.

(43) What are the works Hemingway wrote, revised, or started at his home in Key West?

The works Hemingway wrote, revised, or started at the 907 Whitehead Street house are:

DEATH IN THE AFTERNOON
WINNER TAKE NOTHING
THE GREEN HILLS OF AFRICA
TO HAVE AND HAVE NOT
THE FIFTH COLUMN
THE SPANISH EARTH
FOR WHOM THE BELL TOLLS
THE SNOWS OF KILIMANJARO
THE SHORT HAPPY LIFE OF FRANCIS MACOMBER

(44) What was the nature of yet another serious accident Hemingway suffered on November 1, 1930?

Hemingway had been out west since July, staying at the Nordquist's L Bar T Ranch, just inside the Wyoming State line, some 12 miles from the old mining town of Cooke City, Montana. He was working on a manuscript; hunting bear and elk, and doing some fishing. After the trip, he, Dos Passos and Floyd Allington were driving back to Key West. Twenty-two miles west of Billings, Montana, Hemingway ran off, or was forced off, the road and into a ditch. The only one injured, he suffered an oblique spiral, nearly compound fracture of his right arm, three inches above the elbow. He would remain in the hospital until just before Christmas. The time spent in the hospital resulted in a short story, THE GAMBLER, THE NUN AND THE RADIO, which was orginally published as "Give Us A Prescription, Doctor."

After recovering from this injury he adopted the French philosophy of life, "Dans la vie, il faut (d'abord) durer," which translates to "For life, one must first endure." A photograph of Hemingway recovering from this accident appears in HEMINGWAY-A LIFE STORY, by Carlos Baker, following page 334.

(45) Who was Captain Bra Saunders, and how did he influence Hemingway's life?

Captain Edie "Bra" Saunders was a professional fishing guide in Key West who Hemingway'd met in 1928. He knew every shoal, key, and mangrove swamp from Homestead to the Dry Tortugas. He taught Hemingway how to fish for the big game fish. One of Hemingway's short stories, AFTER THE STORM was taken from a true story Captain Bra told him about the sinking of the Spanish Liner, Val Banera, near the Dry Tortugas.

(46) What and where are the Dry Tortugas?

The Dry Tortugas are a small group of uninhabited, waterless islands sixty miles west of Key West. Hemingway spent many days fishing among these islands during his years in Key West. They have, surrounding them, beautiful, clear water with excellent fishing. Fort Jefferson is located on one of the islands, named Garden Key. It is noted as the place Doctor Samuel Mudd, the ill-fated Maryland physician who set the leg of John Wilkes Booth, was imprisoned.

(47) What is the title of the major work Hemingway published on September 23, 1932 which has a collectible Juan Gris lithograph as the frontispiece?

The title of the book was DEATH IN THE AFTERNOON, published by Scribner's with a first run of 10,300 copies. This is a definitive work on the Spanish Bullfight, and diversified throughout with a few short stories, mostly not otherwise "collected." [14] The Juan Gris lithograph titled, `The Bullfighter,' was issued under the Spanish Cubist painter's direction in a limited editon for this book. The dust jacket of the book shows the famous bullfight poster by Roberto Domingo titled TOROS. Hemingway owned the original oil painting of this, and it still hangs on the wall of his home in Cuba. [15]

(48) What was the first movie film made from one of Hemingway's books, and who starred in it?

The movie was A FAREWELL TO ARMS, released by Paramount in 1932. It starred Helen Hayes as Catherine Barkley, Gary Cooper as Fredrick Henry, and Adolphe Menjou as Rinaldi. The Director/Producer was Frank Borzage. (Oscars for "Seventh Heaven"-1927 and "Bad Girl"-1931) This movie was probably the only one in history to be released with two different endings. The movie theatre could order whichever ending they wanted. The film runs for 78 minutes and can be rented from Classic Film Museum, Dover-Foxcraft, Maine 04426. [16]

(49) Where did the title originate for Hemingway's new book released on October 27, 1933, and to whom was it dedicated?

The title for Hemingway's new book, WINNER TAKE NOTHING, released by Scribner's with an edition of 20,300, originated ostensibly from an old book about Game Hunting and was dedicated to A. MacLeish. This was Archibald MacLeish who Hemingway had first met in 1924 in Paris. He was a poet, seven years older than Ernest, a graduate of Yale, and had a law degree from Harvard.

(50) Although the epigraph of the new book reflects the title, Hemingway actually composed the passage in what he took to be true 17th century manner. What is the quote?

The quote which Hemingway actually wrote himself is:

"Unlike all other forms of lutte or
combat the conditions are that the
winner shall take nothing; neither
his ease, nor his pleasure, nor any
notions of glory; nor, if he win far
enough, shall there be any reward
within himself."

(51) Of the fourteen short stories in the new book, released on October 27, 1933, this was the first appearance of six. What are their titles?

The six stories first appearing in WINNER TAKE NOTHING ARE:

THE LIGHT OF THE WORLD
A WAY YOU'LL NEVER BE
THE MOTHER OF A QUEEN
ONE READER WRITES
A DAYS WAIT
FATHERS AND SONS

(52) Hemingway left Key West in August, 1933, bound for East Africa for his first taste of big game hunting, missing publication of his new book. Where was he when he first saw a copy?

Hemingway first saw a copy of WINNER TAKE NOTHING in Sylvia Beach's book store, Shakespeare and Company, Paris, France, almost two months after it was published.

(53) Who accompanied Hemingway on the African Safari led by the Great White Hunter __________?

Hemingway was accompanied to Africa by his wife Pauline and his close friend from Key West, Charles Thompson. The Great White Hunter was Philip Percival, an Englishman who was reported to be the best guide in Kenya. He was a rugged man of middle height with graying hair and rubicund face. His manners were courteous, his speech laconic, and his store of hunting stories immense. He took them on this first Safari and would be Hemingway's guide each time he hunted in Africa.

(54) What was the cause of Hemingway's serious illness in Africa?

Hemingway had contacted amoebic dysentery, probably on board ship enroute to Africa. He had to be flown from the hunting camp to Nairobi for medical treatment. After about a week of rest and emetine treatment he did return to finish the hunt.

(55) The personal situation became extremely tense between Charles Thompson and Hemingway during the African Safari. What was the reason for this tension?

The reason for the tension was because of the intense competitive spirit of Hemingway. Each time he would get a grand trophy, Thompson would get one bigger. Hemingway eventually worked through it, though. [17]

(56) Returning from the African trip Hemingway again stopped by the book store, Shakespear & Company. He walked in on a rainy evening and Sylvia Beach, the owner and long time friend, introduced him to another American writer, Katherine Anne Porter. What ensued during this meeting?

Slyvia said, "They stood gazing at each other for a full ten seconds. Then Ernest turned and departed as rapidly as he had come in. Neither of them had said a word."

(57) Who was the woman Hemingway met while returning from the African Safari in early 1934 aboard the Ile de France he nicknamed the KRAUT?

The woman was Marlene Dietrich. Marlene, who passed away on May 6, 1992 at age 90, would remain a close friend to Hemingway until the day he died.

(58) In May of 1934 Hemingway bought something which would influence him, and be a part of his life, until the day he died. What was it, and how was it financed?

Hemingway bought a sportfishing boat, which he named PILAR, in honor of the shrine, Nuestra Senora del Pilar and the Feria at Zaragoza, Spain and about equally for Pauline, who had chosen it as one of her secret nicknames when she first fell in love with Ernest.

The PILAR, built by the Wheeler Boat Company in New York was thirty-eight feet in length, planked with white cedar and framed with steam-bent white oak, with frames closely spaced. She had two engines, one a 75 h.p. Chrysler and a 40 h.p. Lycoming. The stern had been cut down and a six foot wide wooden roller installed to land big fish. She carried 300 gallons of gas, 100 gallons of water and could sleep up to eight. She would in later years have a flying bridge installed along with outriggers.

In order to finance the down payment of $3,300 for PILAR, Hemingway received partial payment for a series of articles from Arnold Gingrich, editor of a new magazine called, ESQUIRE.

(59) What was Sloppy Joe's?

Sloppy Joe's, a place Hemingway went almost every day he was in Key West, was a fisherman's bar on Green Street, just off Duval. It occupied the whole ground floor of a white frame house. It was dark, cave-like on the inside, with a long curving bar. The original location is now occupied by Captain Tony's Bar. Sloppy Joe's was owned by Joe Russel, a tough little slab-faced man who also owned a charter boat, the Anita. He and Hemingway became fast friends and `Josie Grunt' as he was known locally was the prototype of several of Hemingway's characters.

(60) Hemingway began to fish seriously for Marlin after he acquired his sport-fishing boat. On his first trip across to cuba to fish the Gulfstream he invited two Ichthyologists from the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia to accompany him. What was the result of this trip?

The two scientist were Charles Cadwalader, Director of the Academy and his Chief Ichthyologist, Henry W. Fowler. Helped by Hemingway's "excellent knowledge of marlin and their habits," they gained enough new information to revise the classification for marlin for the whole North Atlantic Ocean. The two scientists named one species of fish, Neomarinthe Hemingwayi, after Ernest, its discoverer.

(61) On the 23rd of May, 1934, Hemingway boated the largest Atlantic sailfish ever taken on rod and reel, and would stand as the record for the rest of his life. Why would he not claim this fish?

A Jesuit Priest came down to fish with Ernest on his new boat. It was he who hooked the fish. Because of arthritis in his left arm and the fact he had just fought and lost a sailfish after 14 jumps, the Priest was unable to continue with this fish. Ernest took over, landed the fish in 44 minutes. The sailfish measured nine feet, one and three-quarters inches, had girth of thirty-five inches and weighed 119 1/2 pounds. The mounted body is on display in the headquarters of the Miami Rod and Reel Club.

(62) What was unusual about the many cats Hemingway kept at his home on Whitehead Street in Key West?

Hemingway acquired his original cat as a gift from a Sea Captain of a freighter from the middle east. The cat was from a species having six toes. It wasn't long before all of Hemingway's cats were six toed. The cats also had an unusual water trough. When Josie Russell decided to remodel the rest rooms in Sloppy Joe's, he was going to throw out the men's urinal. Hemingway took it home, inlaid it with Spanish tile. It can be seen today in the backyard of the Hemingway house in Key West, watering the descendents of Ernest's cats.

(63) Who was the "MICE?"

In July of 1934, Arnold Samuelson, a young man in his early twenties presented himself at Hemingway's front door. He stated he was there for three reasons: He would meet Ernest Hemingway; Hemingway would teach him how to write; and he would be a writer. Because of his straightforwardness, Hemingway signed him on as a night watchman and deckhand on Pilar in turn for "discussing" his writing with him. Samuelson played the violin and was promptly named "Maestro" which was presently shortened to Mice. He was a `bumbling disaster' at sea, never made it as a great writer, but did receive a certain sort of fame as the inspiration for Ernest's comic, yet valuable, piece of advice to young writers published in October, 1935, in Esquire Magazine titled, "Monologue with the Maestro." [18]

(64) On April 7, 1935, Hemingway was once again shot in the legs. What were the circumstances surrounding this incident?

Hemingway heard intriguing stories about the island of Bimini in the Bahamas, where the giant tuna and marlin ran on the east side of the Gulf Stream. Early on Sunday morning, April 7th, he weighed anchor with Mike Strater, Dos Passos, his wife Cathy, Bread Pinder, and Sacker Adams on board for the 230 nautical mile trip to the northeast. Twenty miles from Key West they hooked two sharks. While bringing one to gaff with one hand, holding a pistol with the other, Hemingway managed to shoot himself in both legs. In an article he wrote for Esquire Magazine titled "On Being Shot Again," he said he was "Trying to shoot the `galano' with his .22 caliber Colt automatic pistol, shooting a greased, hollow-point, long rifle bullet." The gaff broke striking him on the right hand, causing the bullet to ricochet and break into fragments. "There was no pain and no discomfort; only a small hole about three inches below the knee-cap, another ragged hole bigger then your thumb, and number of small lacerations on the calves of both legs." They returned to Key West where he was treated. The trip was delayed only six days.

(65) How did Hemingway react to being called a `phoney' on the subject of boxing by Sports Columnist Haywood Broun in December of 1935?

Telling his brother Leicester, nicknamed the `Baron,' "He (Broun) probably got the idea from Gertrude Stein and liked it. Then it became his idea. Baron, the only way I'm a phoney is in the sense that every writer of fiction is: I make things up so they'll seem real. But you really know me, on fishing, on shooting, on boxing. Do I deliver?"
"Like nobody else."
"And we'll keep it that way, Baron."

(66) Hemingway finally arrived in Bimini a little less than two weeks after his first aborted attempt and immediately set about to fish for the giant tuna. What did he accomplish with these fish that had never before been done?

Hemingway caught the first big unmutilated tuna ever landed in Bimini. And he caught two, weighing 514 and 610 pounds, respectively. He used a technique he'd learned from Mike Lerner, and from Marlin fishing. By fighting the fish with absolutely no rest, he brought them in while they were still fast enough to get away from the sharks that would mutilate the tired, hooked tuna.

(67) How did a Thompson submachine gun cause a big rift between Hemingway and Mike Strater during the summer of 1935 in Bimini?

Hemingway acquired the submachine gun from the International Sportsman, William B. Leeds, who was in Bimini aboard his yacht MOANA. Mike, nicknamed the `President,' fishing aboard the Pilar, hooked a 12-foot marlin. While moving the fish towards the boat, the sharks zeroed in on it. Ernest, with his new toy, began to give the sharks bursts from the machine-gun on the pretext he had to defend the marlin from them. The effect was just the reverse. A feeding frenzy ensued. It took another hour to boat the marlin. What was left weighed 500 pounds. A photograph showed over half of the marlin was gone, and what was left was a hollow shell. Hemingway even wrote an article in Esquire Magazine in July, 1935, titled "The President Vanquishes," where he estimated the weight of the fish at near two thousand pounds. But he failed to mention a Thompson sub-machine gun or a shark frenzy. Strater was enraged. Ernest had helped to destroy the biggest marlin Mike had ever hooked. [19]

(68) Late one evening in May, 1935, returning to Bimini harbor after an unsuccessful day of fishing, Ernest met the son of Joseph Knapp, owner and publisher of Collier, Woman's Home Companion, The American Magazine, and others. What were the circumstances surrounding this meeting?

Knapp's son, chiding Ernest about his fishing prowess, picked a fight. Ernest beat the man so severely he had to return to Miami that night on board his yacht, Storm King, for medical treatment. More than sixty people witnessed the fight. The local natives wrote a song titled, `Big Fat Slob in the Harbor, Tonights the Night We Got Fun," which is sung to this day in Bimini. A complete version of the song hangs on the wall in the Complet Angler Inn on Bimini. Ironically in 1944, Knapp senior made Ernest Chief European Correspondent for Colliers.

(69) Who is the man credited with teaching Ernest how to catch the giant tuna in Bimini?

The man was Mike Lerner, owner of a chain of woman's wear shops, who'd discovered Bimini years before Hemingway. Lerner was a friend to Bimini and its natives all his life. He established, among many other things, the Lerner Marine Research Laboratory on Bimini, which is in operation today.

(70) What was the famous `OIL STOCK' episode Hemingway was involved with while fishing out of Bimini in 1935?

Michael Lerner knew Hemingway was broke in 1935. DEATH IN THE AFTERNOON hadn't been a great success financially, and neither had WINNER TAKE NOTHING. He knew Pauline had money, but Ernest didn't like to use it unless he had too. So he told Ernest he had a tip on the discovery of oil on some land his firm owned that the Wall Street boys hadn't gotten a hold of yet. If Ernest could raise $500.00 he'd buy a hundred shares for him. Ernest borrowed the money from Pauline and three weeks later Lerner handed him a check for five thousand dollars. What actually happened was there had never been any stock. Lerner simply sold some old oil stock he owned that never moved to get the five thousand for Hemingway.

(71) What was the `CHALLENGE' Hemingway issued to any Bahamian native in June, 1935?

Hemingway issued the challenge, saying he'd pay two hundred and fifty dollars to any native Bahamian who could stay in the boxing ring with him for three-three minute rounds, using six-ounce gloves. [20]

(72) Hemingway fought with a Heavy Weight Boxing Champion on Bimini in 1935. Who was this?

The fighter was former British heavy-weight champion, Tom Heeney, who'd fought Gene Tunney for the World Title. By prearrangement he and Ernest met on the deserted West Beach of North Island and sparred a few exhibition rounds until Ernest looked up and saw a line of spectators on the path above them. "We've got to quit now, Tommy, any charity would give anything to pass the hat here."

(73) Hemingway held the post of First-Vice President of the I.G.F.A. from 1940 until he died. What is this organization?

The International Game Fishing Association was originally discussed as early as 1935 between Hemingway and Michael Lerner to keep Game Fishing a sport. With Lerner's money, the I.G.F.A. was formed in 1940.

(74) Why did Hemingway write an article, published 17 September, 1935, for a left-winged magazine called NEW MASSES?

The article for the NEW MASSES was titled, `Who Murdered the Vets.' It was not a swing to the left for Hemingway, but a bitter attack on Washington Bureaucrats against government callousness and inefficiency in the face or over a thousand people, including hundreds of War Veterans working in the C.C.C. camps killed by the horrible hurricane of 1935 that devastated Islamorada and Upper and Lower Matecumbe Keys. Hemingway'd been one of the first on the scene, and found it a horrifying sight, and he wanted to fix the blame. One of the bodies was that of Joe Lowe, the original of (Eddy Marshall) the rummy in his Harry Morgan story, ONE TRIP ACROSS. [21]

(75) Hemingway's next book titled __________, released on October 25, 1935, was serialized in __________ before it was published in book form. To whom was it dedicated?

The book, THE GREEN HILLS OF AFRICA, released by Scribner's in an edition of 10,500 copies and illustrated by Edward Shenton, [22] was serialized by Scribner's own monthly magazine for publicity reasons. [23] The dedication page reads: "To Philip, to Charles, and to Sully"

Philip: Was Philip Percival, the white hunter who was
their guide on the African Safari.

Charles: Was Charles Thompson, his close friend from
Key west who accompanied him on the African
Safari.

Sully: Was J.B. Sullivan, an Irish machinist who'd
set up shop in Key West in 1926. He was a
bald headed, chunkily built man from Brooklyn,
New York. And a man Hemingway said, "Could be
counted on in every way."

(76) What was the BRICK WALL FLAP between Hemingway and a Key West City Commissioner in the summer of 1935?

Hemingway wanted a wall built around his home on Whitehead Street for privacy. Although not a brick mason, Otto `Toby' Bruce, a friend of the family and Hemingway's `Man Friday' agreed to attempt the job. A city commissioner took a dislike to the `eyesore' and used his influence to bar the `Hemingway crowd' from the city's brick sites. Ernest used a favor of his own, and got the Navy to let him have brick from the Key West Naval Station. Toby hauled the brick over to the house, 3,000 at a time, on an old battered pick-up. Though not the epitome of brick masonry, the fence pleased Ernest very much. It still surrounds the house today.

(77) During the winter of 1935 and spring of 1936 Hemingway wrote two short stories destined to become world famous. What were their titles and where were they first published?

The two short stories were: THE SHORT HAPPY LIFE OF FRANCIS MACOMBER, published in September, 1936, by Cosmopolitan Magazine, and THE SNOWS OF KILIMANJARO, published in August, 1936, by Scribner's Magazine. [24]

(78) Hemingway broke the jaw of the American poet and Insurance executive Wallace Stevens in 1936. What was the nature of this incident?

Ernest's sister Ursula, visiting Key West in 1936, came home from a cocktail party, crying. She told Ernest Wallace Stevens insulted her my making remarks on how inept was her brother in the art of writing. Ernest flew into one of his `black rages,' went to the house where the party was still going on, got into a fist fight with Stevens. Stevens was forced to remain in bed for five days with a doctor and nurse looking after him as a result of the beating he took from Hemingway.

(79) Majorie Kinnan Rawlings, a Scribner Author, perchanced to meet Hemingway during the fishing season at Bimini in 1936. What was her reaction to him?

Majorie Kinnan Rawlings, SOUTH MOON UNDER, GOLDEN APPLES and THE YEARLING, all published by Scribner's, was staying aboard a yacht at Bimini. Hemingway'd heard she was there and surprised her by striding aboard the yacht to pay a call. Majorie, an ardent reader of his works, expected a `Fire-breathing Ogre.' He destroyed the image at once by taking her hand in his `big gentle paw' and telling her he greatly admired her writings. She found him a problem in paradox. A gentle, compassionate man who still sporadically and mercilessly knocked people down. He seemed to her `so great and artist' he didn't need to be on the defensive, a man `so vast, so virile' he had no reason to prove it with his fists. The clue to his character must lie, she thought, in some sort of `inner conflict between the sporting life and the literary life; between sporting people and the artist.'

(80) Hemingway had a good friend in Key West named George Brooks, who was States Attorney for Monroe County and he loved to play tricks on PAPA. What was one of his favorites?

Brooks, who was the model for `Bee-lips' in TO HAVE AND HAVE NOT would sit in Sloppy Joe's and latch onto homosexuals, tell them, `Hell yes, Hemingway's as queer as a three dollar bill. Just go up to him, give him a big kiss, tell him you love him.' The first time it happened Hemingway stood still, turned as white as a ghost. The guy ran up to him, kissed him and screamed, "Oh, Mr. Hemingway, I love you." Hemingway hesitated for a second, spit, then hit the guy with a right, knocking him out cold. He then turned on George. "I know you're behind this you conniving son-of-a-bitch, I know it." "Not me," George replied, "The poor bastard was a genuine friend of yours; he told me so."

(81) Who was the BEAUTIFUL BLOND IN THE BLACK DRESS Hemingway met on a warm December day in 1936 at Sloppy Joe's bar?

She was Martha Ellis Gellhorn, from St. Louis, Missouri, educated at the John Burroughs school, St. Louis, and Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania. She was author of one novel, WHAT MAD PURSUIT; a group of short stories titled, THE TROUBLE I'VE SEEN, and had recently returned from Germany where she'd been at work on a third book. Married first to French journalist Marquis Bertrand de Jouvenel, she was ten years younger than Ernest, and was soon to become the third Mrs. Hemingway. Martha now lives in London and Wales when she is not traveling.

(82) In January, 1937 Hemingway was in New York working on a documentary film. What was this film and what was its title?

Spain was in Civil War and Hemingway'd taken up the cause of the Loyalist, who were fighting against Francisco Franco and Fascism. The documentary, being done by a young novelist, Prudencio de Pereda, was a propaganda film showing the destruction of defenseless towns and people by Fascist war planes. The title of the film was SPAIN IN FLAMES.

(83) Why did Hemingway return, in March, 1937, to his first `bona fide' journalism since 1923?

Hemingway contracted with John N. Wheeler, General Manager of NANA (North American Newspaper Alliance) to cover the Spanish Civil War for them. He was to be paid $500 per cabled story, and $1,000 for those sent by mail up to 1,200 words. [25]

(84) Prior to departing for Spain in February, 1937, Hemingway, along with three other people, formed a corporation called CONTEMPORARY HISTORIANS. What was the business of this corporation, who were it's members?

The Corporation was formed to help with the funding and the distribution of a second documentary film, designed like the first, to acquaint American Sympathizers with the plight of the Spanish people. Members of the "Contemporary Historians" were Archie MacLeish, Lillian Hellman, John Dos Passos, and Hemingway. Other contributors were: Ward Cheney, Dasheill Hammett, Ralph Ingersoll, Gerald Murphy, Dorothy Parker, Herman Shumlin, and The North American Committee for Spain. Most of these put up $500 each. The budget for the film ran to approximately $13,000, with Hemingway investing at least $2,750, and probably more.

(85) What was the title of the second documentary Hemingway worked on? Who wrote, recorded the sound track?

The title of the film is THE SPANISH EARTH. Hemingway wrote and recorded the sound track. The film was shown on July 8, 1937 at the White House to the President and Mrs. Franklin D. Rossevelt, with Ernest in attendance. The main purpose of the film, other than to show the plight of the Spanish people, was to raise money to buy and equip ambulances to send to Spain. This film can be rented through Audio Brandon Films, 34 Macquesten Parkway South, Mount Vernon, New York 10550. [26]

(86) What was the BRAWL between Hemingway and Max Eastman on August 11, 1937?

The `brawl' between Hemingway and Eastman occurred in the office of Max Perkins at Scribner's Publishing House. Hemingway'd been holding a four year grudge against Eastman for writing a review of DEATH IN THE AFTERNOON (entitled `Bull in the Afternoon') where he alluded to Ernest's literary style...of wearing false hair on his chest. When the two men accidentally met in Perkin's office they exchanged pleasantries and Hemingway, grinning, ripped open his shirt to reveal his hairy chest. He then, still grinning, ripped open Eastman's shirt to reveal no hair. Then in a flash of temper Hemingway hit Eastman in the face with a copy of the review and a wrestling match ensued to the dismay of Perkins. Hemingway's temper quickly quieted and no damage was done to either man. They each went their own way to tell their own version to the press as to what happened.

(87) Was the text of the transcript of the second documentary Hemingway worked on ever published in book form?

Yes, on June 15, 1938, one thousand copies were printed by J.B. Savage Company, Cleveland, Ohio. The 60 page book also contained a reprint of the autobiographical essay, `The Heat and the Cold," from the magazine VERVE, an introduction by Jasper Wood and decorations by Frederick K. Russell.

(88) After spending 45 days in war torn Spain, Hemingway returned to the United States on May 18, 1937. On June 4th, he made his first `public speech.' Where did this take place, what was the context of the speech?

The speech took place at Carnegie Hall, New York City, the site of the Second American Writers Congress. In the seven minute speech he denounced the native and foreign Fascists then operating in Spain. [27]

(89) Back in New York during July, 1937, Hemingway rented a room at the Hotel Barclay, proof-read the galleys of his new, hard-boiled, Dashiell Hammett-like, crime novel, which he titled __________?

TO HAVE AND HAVE NOT, released on October 15, in an edition of 10,130 copies. There was no dedication, only a disclaimer.

(90) The new book was a three unit novel expertly tied together. Two of the units were seen in print before publication of the book. Where were they published, what were the titles?

ONE TRIP ACROSS was the first, written in Madrid, Spain, in 1933 and published by Cosmopolitan for their April, 1934 edition. The second story was written in Key West in November, 1935. It appeared in Esquire Magazine for February, 1936 and carried the title THE TRADESMAN'S RETURN.

(91) Who was the protagonist of the new crime novel?

Hemingway introduced the person of Harry Morgan, an ex-policeman from Miami. Now a charter boat fisherman out of Key West, he was a proud and independent man who took to smuggling as a means of supporting his wife and daughter in lieu of letting them go on relief. The prototype for this character was Josie Russell, owner of Sloppy Joe's Bar and was played by Humphrey Bogart in the movie. A great photograph of Hemingway and Russell can be seen in Carlos Baker's book, `Hemingway, A Life Story,' following page 334.

(92) Who accompanied Hemingway on each of his trips to the Spanish Civil War?

Hemingway made four trips to war torn Spain during 1937-38. His companion on each of these trips was Martha Gellhorn.

(93) What was the significance of the penny stamped into the concrete at the edge of the olympic-sized pool at Hemingway's 907 Whitehead street address in Key West?

Pauline was making every effort to avert Ernest's attention from Spain and Martha Gellhorn. She'd even built a huge swimming pool in their back yard, at that time the only one south of Miami. And true to his mood at the time, Ernest announced to all the pool cost him his last cent. To make his point, he had a penny stamped into the concrete at the edge of the pool. The penny can still be seen today at the house, which is open daily for public tours.

(94) While still in Spain in 1938, a new book of Hemingway's appeared. It was a thick, red volume of nearly six hundred pages, the longest of his works. What is its title, date of publication?

Its title was THE FIFTH COLUMN AND THE FIRST FORTY-NINE STORIES. It appeared October 14, 1938 in a first edition of 5,350 copies.

(95) Hemingway's new book of short stories contain four previously uncollected stories, along with the two plays he wrote. What are the titles of each?

The previously uncollected stories are: [28]

THE CAPITAL OF THE WORLD
OLD MAN AT THE BRIDGE
THE SHORT HAPPY LIFE OF FRANCIS MACOMBER
THE SNOWS OF KILIMANJARO

The two plays Hemingway wrote are: TODAY IS FRIDAY, first published by `The As Stable Publications,' Englewood, New Jersey, in 1926, as no. IV of `The As Stable Pamphlets.' The colophon on the back cover reads: Three hundred numbered copies printed-two hundred and sixty for sale-number _____.

THE FIFTH COLUMN, 1938, was published as a separate book, June 3, 1940 with a first edition of 1,174 copies, by Charles Scribner's Sons.

(96) On December 26, 1939, Ernest Hemingway moved from 907 Whitehead street, Key West, Florida, forever. Why did he leave, where did he go?

They finally decided ENOUGH IS ENOUGH! Ernest and Pauline's marriage had been in trouble for over a year. Ernest had been in love with Martha Gellhorn for well over two years. He'd traveled extensively with her during the Spanish Civil War.

Ernest moved to the Ambos Mundos Hotel in Havana, Cuba. He'd started a new novel, and would soon set up house-keeping with Martha. They would buy a farm outside Havana, near the village of San Francisco de Paula. It was a turning point in Hemingway's life, and ended ten of the most productive years he'd ever have.